DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH (Kalimat Langsung) :

Adalah kata-kata atau kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh sipembicara kepada pendengar. Atau dengan kata lain sipembicara langsung berinteraksi dengan sipendengar melalui pembicaraan tersebut (Direct Sentence).

 INDIRECT SPEECH (Kalimat Tidak Langsung) :

Adalah kalimat atau kata-kata yang diucapkan atau diceritakan kembali dengan cara lain, tetapi tidak mengubah artinya, dengan tidak lagi mengulang pembicaraan tetapi menceritakan apa yang dikatakan sipembicara sebelumnya/membicarakan kembali (Indirect Sentence).

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
(Kalimat Langsung)	(Kalimat Tidak Langsung)
She said : “Go away !”	She told Us to go away
Father said : “Wash Your face !”	Father told Me to wash My face.
The Police ordered : “Walk on !”	The Police ordered to walk on.
The Teacher said : “Don’t be lazy !”	The Teacher said not to be lazy

         1. Question

a.      Yes/no question

Conjunction yang dipakai pada direct and indirect speech-nya adalah if/whether
Apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk present, maka indirect tidak mengalami perubahan kecuali subject pronoun.

Contoh:
Direct speech: she asks me, “are you sick?” 
Indirect speech: she asks me If I am sick, atau she asks me whether I am sick atau she asks if I am sick atau she wonder/want to know if I am sick atau she inquires whether or not I am sick

Direct speech      : ayu asks him, “are you fine?”
Indirect speech   : ayu asks him if he is fine, atau ayu asks him whether he is fine, atau ayu asks if he is fine, atau ayu wonder/wants to know if he is fine, atau ayu inquired whether or not he is fine.

apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk past, maka indirect speech-nya mengalami perubahan pada subject pronoun, tenses, dan adverb-nya:

Direct speech    : she asked me, “are you sick?”
Indirect speech  : she asked me if I was sick

Direct speech    : ayu asked me, “do you speak English?”
Indirect speech : ayu asked me if I spoke English

Direct speech     : lisa asked mizan, “can you fix the broken car?”
Indirect speech  : lisa asked mizan if he could fix the broken car

b.      W-H question/question word

Conjunction yang digunakan adalah W-H Question (disesuaikan W-H question yang digunakan pada reported speech-nya)

Apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk present, maka indirect tidak mengalami perubahan kecuali subject pronoun.
Contoh:

Direct speech     : she asks me, “where are you now?”
Indirect speech  : she asks me that where I am now.

Direct speech     : she asks me, “why did you come late yesterday?” 
Indirect speech  : she asks me why I came late yesterday

Apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk past, maka mengalami perubahan pada subject pronoun, tenses, dan adverb-nyaa
Contoh:

Direct speech     : Lisa asked him, “where did you go to last night?” 
Indirect speech  : lisa asked him where he went/had gone the night before
 (boleh tetap mengunakan simple past atau past perfect)

Direct speech     : Tina asked her, “why do you work so hard?”
Indirect speech  : Tina asked her why she worked so hard

       2. Request (permohonan)

Misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

Direct speech    : He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect speech : He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

  

      3. Command (perintah)

Misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan 

Direct speech    : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect speech : He ordered his servant to go away at once

  

4. Precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan),

Misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.  

Direct speech    : She said to her son, “Study hard!” 

Indirect speech : He advised her son to study hard

 5. Entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak)
Misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).   
Direct speech    : He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir” 
Indirect speech : He begged his master to pardon him.

6. Prohibition (larangan)
Misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang  
Direct speech    : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there” 

Indirect speech : She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb 

(tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct speech    : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect speech : She asked herdaughter not to go there.

Simple Present Tense	Menjadi	Simple Past Tense
They told Me : “We go to school everyday”		They told Me that They went to school everyday.

Simple Present Continous Tense	Menjadi	Simple Past Continous Tense
She told Me : “I am eating now”		She told Me that She was eating then

   

Simple Present Perfect Tense	Menjadi	Simple Past Perfect Tense
He told Me : “I have bought a book”		He told Me that He had bought a book.

Catatan : Ada beberapa macam perubahan yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penyusunan Kalimat Langsung (Direct Sentences) menjadi Kalimat Tidak Langsung (Indirect Sentences), diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut :

•            Keterangan Tempat :

       Here (Di sini) menjadi There (Di sana)
This (Ini) menjadi That (Itu)

• Keterangan Waktu :

       Now (Sekarang) menjadi Then (Ketika Itu)
Ago (Yang dulu) menjadi Before (Sebelumnya)
Yesterday (Kemarin) menjadi The Day Before (Hari Sebelumnya)
Tomorrow (Besok) menjadi The Day After (Hari Berikutnya)
Next … menjadi The Following …
Last … menjadi The Previous …

• Modals :

      Can menjadi Could
Shall menjadi Should
Will menjadi Would
May menjadi Might
Was / Were menjadi had been
Did menjadi had

Catatan : Perlu diketahui bahwa dalam penggunaan Must (Harus) terdapat perubahan khusus, yaitu :

        a. Dalam Bentuk Present

Must	Menjadi	Had to
He told Me : “You must stay here until 02.00″		He told Me that I had to stay there until 02.00

 
b. Dalam Bentuk Future

Must	Menjadi	Would Have to
He told Me : “You must come again tomorrow”		He told Me that I would have to come again the day after

  

c. Dalam Bentuk Larangan Atau Hukum

Must not / Musn’t	Menjadi	Must not / Musn’t / Was not to /Wasn’t to
The Policeman told Me : “You mustn’t drive a car without a Driving Lisence"		The Policeman told Me that I musn’t to drive a car without a Driving Lisence

Catatan : Sedangkan untuk Menyatakan Kebenaran Umum Dan Tidak Ada Perubahan Waktu tidak mengalami perubahan

He told Me : “The Sun risis In the East”

Menjadi

He told Me that The Sun risis in The East.